Grammar Basics Essay Example

Grammar Basics Essay TOPIC WHAT IT MEANS IN DETAIL SUB-TOPIC BASICS GRAMMAR 1) Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written Grammar, Meaning Concision: In SC English?2) Meaning: Is the meaning of the sentence obvious and this is what we need and in that order unambiguous?3) Concision: Is the sentence written as econornically as possible? to look for right answer 1)Subject-verb Agreement PICKED UP ON THE WAY / KEY TAKE-AWAYS 1) Past particple by itself is not a working verb. For eg. : The electron named in 1894 is not a sentence.2) A sentence can be a fragment in another way: it could start with a Connecting Word and contain o Main Clause (a clause that could stand alone as a sentence as is, with its own subject and verb): Because, which Because and which are connecting words. These are also known as Subordinators, because they turn the clauses they are attached to into Subordinate Clauses, which cannot stand by themselves. To fix this sort of fragment, you either need to attach it to a main clause or,drop the connecting word.3)The GMAT hides the subject, so that you are unsure whether the subject is singular or plural! If you do not know the number of the subject, then you will not be able to elect the verb form that agrees with it. For Eg. The discovery of new medicines (was/ were) vital to the companys growth. the companys growth? you may be able to talk yourself into either choice. 4) If you can remove a phrase from the sentence, and the sentence st ill makes sense, the phrase is likely to be Middle-man or Warmup.5) Middlemen Warm-ups.a)Prepositional Phrase.b) Subordinate Clauses.c) Other Modifiers.6) Many other words and phrases besides and can add to a subject. Are called Additive Phrases.For eg. : along with Polly, in addition to surgery, accompanied by me, together with a tie, s well as the mayor, includlng salt and pepper, Unlike and , additive phrases do not form compound subjects. Rather, additive phrases function as modifiers and therefore cannot change the number of the subject.7) However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always considered singular and therefore require singular verb forms. Eg. : The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.8) There are, however, 5 indefinite pronouns that can be either singular or plural depending on he context of the sentence. THE SANAM PRONOUNS: some, Any, None, All, More,MOSt9) S ometimes the subject of a sentence is an -Ing phrase or even a whole clause. This sort of subject is always singular and requires a singular verb form. Having good friends IS a wonderful thing. The subject is the singular phrase having good friends, not the plural noun friends. Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.The subject is the clause whatever they want to do, which is considered singular. Only the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects ollowed by additive phrases remain singular subjects. Egs. :1) Neither the coach nor the players ARE going to the beach.2) Neither the players nor the coach IS going to the beach. In the first example, the plural subject players is nearest to the verb, so the verb takes the plural form are. The singular subject coach is nearest to the verb, so singular form is. {Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor ), they are considered singular and take only singular verb s.2) PARALLELISM parallelism, comparable sentence parts must be structurally and logically similar. How do we know that parts of a sentence need to be parallel to each other? Often, we know by spotting Parallel Markers-words that link or contrast items and that force those items to be parallel. Almost anything in a sentence can be made parallel to a similar Parallel Element. Elements Nouns Adjectives 1) The word and is the most common and important parallel marker. Whenever you see and in a GMAT sentence, look for the list and count the items. GMAT sentences have been observed to include as many as four items in a list connected by and.Moreover, the GMAT always inserts a comma before the and in lists of 3 or 4 items. However, if you Join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optional comma before the and. Doing so is especially recommended when the clauses are long, independent, or both. Verbs s. Examples Her expression reflected BOTH anger AND relief. The park was NEITHER accessible N OR affordable. We collected BOTH second- AND third-grade books. The custodian cleaned the basement AND washed the window Infinitives We would like NOT ONLYto hear your side of the story BUT ALSO to provide a response.Participles The actor left quickly, shunning fans AND ducking into a car. Prepositional Phrases Note: the prepositions do not always have to be the same.1) They contended that the committee was biased AND that it should be disbanded.2) You always must fgure out which grammatical structures are logically parallel before making them structurally parallel. Be particularly careful with verbs and verbal forms. Do not assume that all verbs and verbal forms in a sentence must be.3) Linking Verbs.A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, so that we do not have to:1) Watch out for nouns used as adjectives!They cannot be antecedents of repeat that noun elsewhere in the sentence. ronouns. Pronoun errors are so frequent on the GMAT that every time you see a.2) The anteced ent to which you. want to refer must actually exist in the pronoun, such as it, its, they, them, or their, you should be sure to check sentence and be functioning as a noun.3) The GMAT tnes to trick you into assuming away little wrinkles in meaning. After all, you knew whether it is being used correctly. The what the author of the first sentence meant to say, right? But make no first question you must ask yourself is this: What is the antecedent of this assumptions. Whenever ou find an antecedent, always check that it makes pronoun? Once you have found the antecedent, you must make sure that it sense in place of the pronoun. makes sense, that it is the only possible antecedent, and that it agrees in4) The antecedent must be unambigious. Every pronoun on the GMAT must number with the pronoun. clearly refer to only one antecedent.5) After finding the antecedent, ask yourself if the pronoun agrees with the antecedent in number. If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun that refers to it must be singular. If the antecedent is plural, the pronoun that refers to it must be plural. If you want pronoun to refer to a particular noun, usually make sure that noun is not in the possessive case.7) The Deadly Five: It, Its, They, Them, Their The most common pronoun mistakes involve Third Person Personal Pronouns -the singular it and its, together with the plural they, them and their . Whenever you see one of these five pronouns, you should find the antecedent and check its viability (is the antecedent sensible, unambiguous, and in agreement with the pronoun? ). Be particularly careful with their , which is often used in everyday speech to refer to singular subjects.Subordinate Clauses 3) PRONOUNS We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar Basics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar Basics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar Basics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It was important to leave the money in the drawer RATHER THAN on the table. 4) MODIFIERS A modifier describes or modifies someone or something in the sentence. Although modifiers can be as simple as a single word (an adjective or an adverb), GMAT sentences often contain several complex modifiers. Tired out from playing basketball. Charles decided to take a nap . The modifier Tired out from playing basketball describes the noun Charles. Be on the lookout above, tired out from playing basketball is an opening modifier separated from the rest of the sentence by a omma.Many modifying phrases in GMAT sentences are separated by commas from the noun being modified.1) Adjectives and adverbs are one-word modifiers. An Adjective modifies only noun or a pronoun,whereas an Adverb modifies almost anything but a noun or a pronoun. An adverb often modifies a verb, but it can also describe an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, phrase, or even a whole clause.2) Often, the GMAT provides two grammatically correct phrasings. For instance, one phrasing might be [Adjective + Adjective *Noun], in which the two adjectives both modify the noun. The other hrasing would be [Adverb *Adjective + Noun], in which the adverb modifies the adjective, which in turn modifies the noun. These two phrasings do not mean the same thing. Pick the phrasing that reflects the authors-intent.3) Phrases or clauses that modify nouns or pronouns are called Noun Modifiers. Noun modifiers act like long adjectives. The first word or two of a noun modifier determines its type. A noun used to modify another noun is called an Appositive. Because your ear is not accustomed to sentences with opening modifiers, the GMAT loves to play tricks with these kinds of modifiers. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other. If the modifier is next to a different noun, we have a Misplaced Modifier.5) It is easy to miss a dangling modifier. In fact, the GMAT makers themselves Avoid dangling modifiers by making sure the noun you want to modify is in the missed one. sentence. To avoid misplaced modifiers, p lace them next to the nouns they are A present participle (-lngform) at the beginning of a sentence is often made to meant to modify. be dangling. Although these forms are technically Verb Modifiers (more on these shortly), they still need a noun subject that makes sense. Unlike a noun modifier, a verb modifier does not have to touch the subject. However, the subject must make sense with the verb modifier used in this way. Avoid long sequences of modifiers that modify the same noun. Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings.7) Just as possessive nouns are often dangerous with regard to pronoun reference, they are also dangerous in sentences with modifiers. Misplaced modifiers sometimes appear in complex math Bills score on the exam was poor. Here, the modifier unskilled in complex math should describe Bill.However, this odifier cannot reach inside the possessive form Bills and modify Bill. As it stands, the sentence is sayi ng that Bills score itself is unskilled in complex math. This meaning is not what the author intended. To solve the problem, we should replace the possessive Bills score with Bill. Right: Unskilled in complex math Bill did not score well on the exam. a) Modifiers cannot normally modify a noun in the possessive case. b) Noun modifiers are often introduced by Relative Ponouns such as the following: Which That Who Whose Whom Where When Such modifiers are called Relative Clauses.Relative pronouns are subject to several estrictions. The pronouns who and whom must modify people. On the other hand, the pronoun which must modify things. Wrong: The scientists THATmade the discovery were rewarded. Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded . According to the GMAT, clauses led by the pronoun that cannot modify people. Other grammatical authorities disagree, but what matters on test day is the GMATs point of view. Surprisingly, the pronoun whose can modify either people or thing s. 8) Noun modifiers are either essential or non-essential.As their name suggests, Essential Modifiers provide necessary information. Use an essential modifier to identify the noun (out of many possibilities) or to attach the modifier to the noun from that point onward. Essential: The mansion PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees. In contrast, Non-essential Modifiers provide extra information. You do not need this information to identify the noun, since it is already identified in some other way. Moreover, you can forget about a non-essential modifier afterward, in a sense; any later reference to the noun does not include that extra information.Non-essential: This mansion, RECENTLYPAINTED RED. is owned by the Lees. Punctuation distinguishes between essential and non-essential modifiers: Put COMMAS between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns. Put NO COMMAS between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns. If you have a choice between which and that , then follow this general rule: Use WHIC H (and commas) if the modifier is non-essential. Use THAT (and no commas) if the modifier is essential.9) As their name indicates, Verb Modifiers modify verbs. These modifiers answer questions about the verb, such as how, when, where, why, etc.The most basic verb modifier is an adverb. Other verb modifiers act in much the same way as dverbs. Type / First Words Present Participle with commas Preposition + Simple Gerund Infinitive of Purpose 5) VERB TENSE, MOOD VOICE Verb Tense indicates. when the action of the verb takes place. In sentences with one action, verb tense is relatively easy. Knowing this, the GMAT tries to complicate sentences by incorporating more than one action. Verb Mood indicates what the writer believes about, or wants to do with, the action.Two verb moods are tested on the GMAT: indicative and subjunctive. Most verbs are in the indicative mood, which we use to describe knowledge or beliefs. Occasionally, e use verbs in the subjunctive mood to express suggestions, desires, or hypothetical events. Verb Voice indicates who or what is doing the action. Two verb voices are tested on the GMAT: active voice and passive voice. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence has an action performed on it by someone or something else. ) Subordinators include words such as because, although, if, unless, while, so that, while, and so on. These words begin subordinate clauses, which cannot stand alone as sentences, but rather are attached to main clauses. Some verb modifiers may apply to both the verb and the verbs subject. In these cases, you must make sure that the subject makes sense with the modifier. b) Verb modifiers can generally be placed further away from what they modify than noun modifiers can be placed. However, you should always place a verb modifier so that it modifies the right verb, without ambiguity.Refer table Below. Position Example Before verb After verb.10) Whic h vs. the Present Participle -Ing: Be careful with Which at the end of a sentence. Make sure that it refers only to the preceding noun, not the entire receding clause. The -Ing form is very flexible. It can modify nouns directly (e. g. , the changing seasons). It can modify verbs and their subjects (e. g. , Ilifted the weight, whistling). It can even modify an entire clause as above, as long as the entire clause converted into a noun phrase could function as the subject of the verb that is now in -Ing form.This use of the -Ing form works best when you want to express the result of the main clause. Again, in speech we often break these rules-we incorrectly use which to refer to a previous thought that is not a noun. Do not use your ear. Always test which clauses to make sure that the which refers to the noun immediately preceding the which . 1) Simple Tenses The three simple tenses express three basic times: SIMPLE PRESENT: sandy PLAYS well with her mends. SIMPLE PAST: Sandy PLAYED w ell with her friends yesterday. SIMPLE FUTURE: Sandy WILL PLAY well with her friends tomorrow. ) Progressive Tenses To emphasize the ongoing nature of an action, we can use the Progressive tenses, which use the verb to be and the present participle (-lngform): PRESENT PROGRESSIVE sandy IS PLAYING soccer. PAST PROGRESSIVE sandy WAS PLAYINGsoccer yesterday. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow. 3) In GMAT sentences, do not use the Present Progressive to indicate future actions. This usage is considered too colloquial. WHISTLINGBeat It, I lifted the weight. I lifted the weight, WHISTLING Beat It. BY CONCENTERATING, I lifted the weight I lifted the weight BY CONCENTERATING TO FREE my leg.I lifted the weight. I lifted the weight TO FREE my leg. .Eg: Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values. Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values. Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values. a) Do not use the Present Progressive for general definitions. Instead, use the Simple Present. Wrong: Cherenkov radiation is light that particles AREEMITTING when they ARE radiation is light that particles EMIT when they TRAVEL faster than the effective speed of light in any medium. ) Verbs that express general states do not normally take progressive forms. Wrong: This Such State Verbs include know or signify. inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperors birth. Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperors birth. ) Keep Verb Tenses Consistent: Sentences with more than one action do not necessarily require more than one verb tense. ln fact, in any given sentence you should try to keep all verb tenses consistent, unless the meaning clearly dictates otherwise. However, some sentences with more than one action do require you to switch verb tenses.Right: He IS thinner now because he SPENT the last six months on a strict die t. 4) The Perfect Tenses: Sometimes, however, actions in a sentence involve Present Perfect:. Right: This country HAS ENFORCED strict immigration laws more complex time sequences than can for thirty years. e expressed with the simple tenses or the simple progressive tenses. These Right: They HAVE KNOWN each other since 1987. actions can be expressed using the PERFECT tenses: Present Perfect Past Perfect. And they are tested on the GMAT. a) Present Perfect: Still In Effect. or eg. : We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days. Present Perfect = HAVE/HAS + Past Participle b) Past Perfect: The Earlier Action. This is formed as follows: Past Perfect = HAD + Past Participle If two actions in a sentence occurred at different times in the past, we often use the Perfect tense for the earlier action and Simple Past for the later action. Tense Sequence Consider the following quotation: Scientist: The supercollider IS ready, it DID not COST too much, and it WILL PROVIDE new insights into the workin gs of the universe. We move the tenses back in time one step. Report: The scientist ANNOUNCED that the supercollider WAS ready, that it HAD not COST too much, and that it WOULD PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe. Compare the corresponding underlined clauses in the quotation and the report. (a) The supercollider IS ready becomes that the supercollider IS ready. The Simple becomes that it HAD not COST too much. The Simple Past tense (did cost) becomes Past Perfect (had cost). The action becomes one step further removed from the present. c) It WILL PROVIDE tmtghts becomes that it WOULD PROVIDE instghts. The past Perfect is the Past of the Past, or the Past Twice Removed from the present time. 6) With a past tense reporting verb. move Present to Past. Past to Past Perfect. and Future to Conditional (that is will to would). VERB MOOD 6) In English, most sentences express facts with the Indicative Mood or commands with the Imperative Mood. You can expect to see the Sub junctive Mood in two special situations: l) Unlikely or unreal conditions (usually after if or a similar word). 2) Proposals, desires, and requests formed with certain verbs and the word that . These two uses correspond to two forms of the subjunctive mood: the Hypothetical Subjunctive and the Command Subjunctive. a) Use the Past Perfect tense if you need to clarify or emphasize a sequence of actions in the past. b) Do not use the perfect tenses when the simple tenses will do. The GMAT prefers simplicity. Wrong: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth. Right: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth.Wrong: Joe LEARNEDabout an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKEDthe earth. Right: Joe LEARNEDabout an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKEDthe earth. In the first example, the Past Perfect had walked is unnecessary. Although the action had walked does take place earlier than the action learned, the earlier action does not have a direct bearing on the context of the later action. The sequence of time does not need to be clarified or emphasized. Thus, the Past Perfect is considered wrong in this context. You should use the perfect tenses only when you can Justify them with the rules described.If an action began in the past and continues into the present (or its effect does), use the Present Perfect tense. If one action in the past precedes another, and you need to clarify or emphasize the time sequence, then use the Past Perfect tense. Otherwise, stick to the simpler tenses. a) Hypothetical Subjunctive: Principally, this form occurs after if, as if, or as though. Right: To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WERE harmless. Here are the five common patterns of if then sentences. (1) General Rule with no uncertainty IF sophie EATS Pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.

A critical review on current debates about the effectiveness of self regulation of the UK press using the News Of The World as a case study The WritePass Journal

A critical review on current debates about the effectiveness of self regulation of the UK press using the News Of The World as a case study Introduction A critical review on current debates about the effectiveness of self regulation of the UK press using the News Of The World as a case study . The failure of self-regulation Perhaps the most significant condemnation of self-regulation stems from the current unethical (and illegal) practices which some journalists choose to engage in. Leading the way in underhand investigatory techniques was the tabloid paper NoW. Described by its owner James Murdoch as a crime fighter, it had a reputation for celebrity scoops and check-book journalism (08.07.11, BBC News). It was the desire to satiate its readership’s interest in this type of story which ultimately pushed it to commit serious violations of privacy. The first indications that it was engaging in phone hacking emerged in 2005 when the newspaper printed a story about a knee injury incurred by Prince William. Suspicions were raised as to how this information had been obtained and eventually the author of the article and an investigator from the paper were arrested and imprisoned for illegal phone hacking. To date the police have identified potentially 6,000 victims demonstrating the widespread extent o f this of crime (28.02.12, BBC News). Unable to sustain credibility the NoW closed in July 2011 under a torrent of allegations. The paper has had to pay out millions in damages to those whose privacy they compromised, including  £2million to the parents of Milly Dowler after it emerged that one of its journalists had tapped into the missing girl’s voicemails 28.02.12, BBC News). The inability of the Press Complaints Commission to prevent this type of journalistic behaviour, which reaches beyond the NoW, stems from a variety of factors. Unpacking current debate on self-regulation gets to the heart of these. Current debate over self-regulation In consequence of this scandal in November 2011 David Cameron convened the Leveson Inquiry to investigate the culture, practice and ethics of the press (24.04.12, BBC News). One of the findings that has emerged from the inquiry is that the Press Complaints Commission needs reforming. Lord Black, chairman of the body which funds it, told the inquiry that phone hacking has demonstrated that this institution lacks the investigative powers and the leverage needed to enforce editors to uphold their Code of Practice and apply punitive sanctions (01.02.12, BBC News). In a move which pre-empts the inquiry report the Press Complaints Commission announced in March 2012 that it would be closing and an interim body would take over until a new framework for a regulatory power can be put into place. This apparent failure of self-regulation has reignited the familiar debate as to how exactly the press should be regulated; can they be relied upon to implement it themselves or should some form of statutory regulation be resorted to? Cameron has indicated that the latter situation is not one he favours given that government regulation of the media does not lead to a free media (06.09.11, BBC News). He has not ruled out the idea however that independent regulation might function better if it was inaugurated through statute but kept removed from the government (06.09.11, BBC News). This would produce a body that is not dissimilar to Ofcom, which was created through statute and charged with overseeing the compliance of TV and radio to a code of practice. It is also an institution which firmly believes self-regulation can work for the press providing its governing council has ‘effective powers of enforcement and sanction’ and ‘genuine powers of investigation’ ( O’Carroll, The Guardian, 2012). Ofcom too believes that if self-regulation is to be viable then some aspects of it, particularly the rules governing membership, may have to be upheld by statute (O’Carroll). Other contributors to the ongoing debate about self-regulation have identified alternative aspects of the regulatory process which might be more effective if enforced by law. For instance O’Malley and Soley have argued that there is no reason why there should not be laws that guarantee the right to correction of factual inaccuracies in the press (O’Malley and Soley, p.2). Conservative MP George Eustice has come forward to say that a clearer privacy law which unequivocally balances the right to privacy against the right to freedom of expression would benefit both the public and the press (Eustice, The Guardian, 2012). Not everyone sees the phone hacking scandal as a failure of self-regulation. The Guardian’s Gill Phillip points the blame at internal management and the police for not investigating evidence they first obtained in 2006 (Phillips, 2012). The Press Complaints Commission, Phillips argues, was not designed to address criminal conduct (Phillips). If this situation was to be dealt with through more top-down regulation the result would be heightened complexity which would do no more than obscure the public’s rights and the press’ responsibilities(Phillips). Belsey certainly concurs with this standpoint arguing in Britain the media are already curtailed by the criminal laws of, to name a few, official secrets and sedition, by the civil laws of libel and breach of confidence, and as well as through the use of interlocutory or ‘gagging’ injunctions (Belsey, 1992, p. 6). Adding privacy to this list would have a damaging effect on journalism whilst in all likelihood having no impact on the gossip of tabloids. Furthermore legal restriction on the press will not only curb its democratic role but will also increase the instances when a journalist if faced with the dilemma of acting either legally or ethically (Belsey, p. 8; Harriss, 1992, p. 68). Conclusion – the way forward for self-regulation Self-regulation has been and continues to be undeniably flawed and this is typified by the activity of the NoW. This has been recognised and a significant overhaul of the system is on the agenda. Lord Hunt has proposed that the successor to the Press Complaints Commission should have two arms; the first should address complaints and mediation, the second should operate as an auditor which enforces standards and adherence to the editors’ code.   Additionally a more pronounced effort should be made by newspapers internally to self-regulate through the appointment of individuals responsible for compliance (Greenslade, The Guardian, 2012). This would create a regulatory body which has the ability to demand a continued and unwavering commitment to ethical journalism. Ofcom too are confident that if this new body has a robust framework and the authority to impose sanctions on wayward newspapers, effectual self-regulation could at last be overseeing the activity of the press (Oâ₠¬â„¢Carroll). The case of the Press Complaints Commission illustrates that voluntary self-regulation has been little more than a token effort at control over the industry. The blame for this, Tunstall suggests and events corroborate, is with the government for not finding the courage to insist on a compulsory system (Tunstall, 1996, p. 391). In all likelihood the press may have to reconcile themselves with the idea that their membership to this yet undecided regulator will be made obligatory by law. Arguably it would be this new system which differentiates the upcoming regulator from those which have fallen in its wake, and differentiation is certainly needed if the same failures of the past are not to be repeated. Bibliography Belsey, A., ‘Privacy, publicity and politics’, in Belsey and R. Chadwick (ed.), Ethical issues in journalism and the media, Routledge, London, 1992 Harris, N., ‘Codes of conduct for journalists’, in Belsey and R. Chadwick (ed.), 1992 O’Malley, T., and C. Soley, Regulating the Press, Pluto Press, London, 2000 Tunstall, J., Newspaper Power, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996 ‘News of the World: An obituary’, 08.07.11, BBC News ‘Cameron warns MPs against regulation ‘revenge’ on media’, 06.09.11, BBC News ‘Phone hacking scandal: Timeline’, 28.02.12, BBC News ‘QA; The Leveson Inquiry’, 24.04.12, BBC News Greesnlade, R., ‘Hunt’s plan for a new form of press self-regulation, The Guardian, 09.03.12 Phillips, G., ‘Press freedom v privacy: Time for parliament to draw the line? The Guardian, 30.03.12 Eustice, G.,‘A privacy law is vital for the future of the British media’, The Guardian, 08.04.12 O’Carroll, L., ‘Ofcom: press self-regulation could work’, The Guardian, 18.04.2012 All BBC News articles accessed at www.bbc.co.uk/news on 28.04.12 All Guardian articles accessed at www.guardian.ac.uk on 28.04.12

112 mind paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

112 mind paper - Article Example Geographical locations have influenced people’s habits, beliefs, and customs because they define the norms. Therefore, the degree of influence of cultural factors to consumer behavior varies in accordance to age, gender, marital status, religion, and location. People are increasingly adapting to the electronic environment and thus the increasing urge to own electronic gadgets. Apple iPhone is arguably the best electronic gadget in the current world and thus people across all age groups consider it worth possessing one. Since the new culture has been developed in accordance to owning expensive items, I bought the Apple iPhone because it was appealing and it did not in any way interfere with my cultural beliefs and wanted to fit in a social class that is associated with expensive and cool gadgets. Social factor stem from cultural factors because they involve family, reference groups, and role and status (Solomon et al, 2009). Family molds perception and influence of future buying behavior because it prepares people into understanding what is good and bad, what is necessary and leisure, and what preferences to consider. Reference groups include friends, and the rest of the world, which provide insightful information about new products and their efficiency thus influencing behavior. Everybody is talking about Apple iPhone and due to it, I was influenced to try out and see how it looks like to make sure I get first hand information for myself. Role and status is in relation with roles played by people in society. Currently, I am a student, meaning my role in society is to research and learn new things. This is a major factor in my decision of purchasing the Apple iPhone because I need to research wherever I go, take pictures which can be used as evidence in my assignment submiss ion, and interact with friends and family even when am away from them. Age and life style, occupation, life style,

The art of the impressionists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The art of the impressionists - Essay Example The light and color effects can also be noticed in Camille Pissarro's works wherein the lights and colors vary depending on the specific time of the day. In "The Stage Coach at Louveciennes," the artist painted the scene in dark lighting conditions possessing complementary colors of reds and greens generously used by the artist while in "Le verger (The Orchard)," the noticeable brightness of the day light and the complementing colors of violet with shades of yellow and the blue sky in contrast to the hint of orange shade of the soil. In the "Village Path," the red lighting of the painting can be clearly seen which in turn complements the dominantly green color of the scenery. In addition to the attribute of light and color effects of the impressionist style, impressionistic paintings are also characterized by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors, as explained with the examples previously mentioned, and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light (Pioch).

Nanotechnology Uses to Enhance Computer Performance Essay Example for Free

Nanotechnology Uses to Enhance Computer Performance Essay Although the core concepts of nanotechnology were introduced in the early 1950’s, nanotechnology was not properly introduced to the world until 1974. That was the year a Japanese scientist, named Tanigushi, coined the word â€Å"nanotechnology†. Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of systems at the atomic level. â€Å"Nanotechnology will be the major technology in development of every machine in coming years. † (Wifinotes, n. d. ) Nanotechnology will greatly improve the functionality and performance of computers. Body  In everyday terms, â€Å"Nanotechnology is based on manipulations of individual atoms and molecules to build complex atomic structures. † (Tarasov, 2009, pg. 1) Working at the atomic level is a very new technology. The size of a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. For comparison purposes, â€Å"A very fine human hair is about 10,000 nanometers wide, which is the smallest dimension we can see with the naked eye. † (Cook, 2005) Before research could begin, researchers had to first invent a machine that could work with such small particles. Their goal was to manipulate atoms and molecules into a particular configuration – a configuration capable of performing functions similar to a microprocessor. The technology prior to nanotechnology started out rather primitive. It was a major advance in technology when vacuum tubes were invented. They came into existence about the same time Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Vacuum tubes were first used in computers in 1946 until 1958. By then, vacuum tubes could not be made any smaller, so technology gave us transistors. Transistors were used in computers from 1959 to 1964. One transistor took the place of 40 vacuum tubes. When the limits of the transistor were reached, computer builders used integrated circuits from 1965 to 1970. In 1971, the microprocessor came into computer use. Faster and smaller than anything so far, the microprocessor led to the invention of personal computers. Now that the advancement of microprocessors has nearly reached its limits, it is now time for the next generation of processor, which some researchers say will be engineered on the nanometer scale. But, how will they manipulate particles on such a minute scale? Before manipulating atoms into the desired position, researchers had to see them first. Researchers had to invent a microscope that would allow them to see atoms. In 1981, IBM researchers invented the Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM). (University of Wisconsin, 2008) This microscope allowed researchers to â€Å"see† atoms. As it turns out, in 1989, researchers found they could actually manipulate atoms into the desired position with the SPM. †¦researchers have been able to manipulate and stabilize atomic-size structures in such a way that they can persistently maintain the qualities needed to be classified as viable, though still strictly experimental, computational devices. † (Goth, 2012) Atoms are constantly moving, so catching one to move around was very difficult. The atoms needed to be cooled down to near absolute zero, to -450 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature where most atoms hardly move. The Scanning Probe Microscope (Nanooze, 2005) After cooling the atoms, researchers were able to use the SPM to move individual atoms to a specific location. One at a time, they moved the atoms into position to spell â€Å"IBM†. It took them nearly an entire day to do it. See image below: Atoms arranged to spell IBM (Nanooze, 2005) Since the first manipulation of atoms had been demonstrated, researchers have continued to move atoms into complicated configurations, as shown in the figure below. Depiction of a nanotechnology produced gear set (Wifinotes, n. d. ) After all the groundwork had been laid, computer researchers turned their attention to using nanotechnology in the computer world. Their first target was the microchip. Current microchip technology limits have nearly been reached and the researchers went to work shrinking the size of the processors . â€Å" etching [lithography] techniques can only take features so far – anything below 22nm is just not feasible. † (European Nanotechnology Gateway, n. d. ) Right now, the newest chipsets using lithographic etching are being produced with 65nm features. Intel has realized a 10-15% improvement in drive current, which means greater performance, through the use of nanotechnology. Meanwhile, at IBM, to aid the shrinking of the processors, â€Å"researchers have developed transistors from carbon nanotubes. †( European Nanotechnology Gateway, n. d. ) Carbon nanotubes show great improvements compared to conventional silicon transistors. â€Å"The carbon nanotubes are long, thin strands of carbon molecules. In the lab, they delivered more than double the amount of electrical current compared to the top-performing transistors currently on the market. †( European Nanotechnology Gateway, n. . ) â€Å"A single strand of carbon atoms (red)†¦contained in a multi-walled carbon nanotube. † (American Institute of Physics, 2003) Lithographic etching is being replaced with a new process called â€Å"block co-polymer lithography†, or BCP. Scientists have found a process to create nano-scale patterns that is expected to be used in the manufacture of microprocessors. Using the new process, silicon wafer features have been developed between five and 20 nanometers thick – much smaller than the current 65 nanometers. In the figure below, you can see an image of a nano-scale microprocessor created by the BCP process: (Nanotechnology, 2011) According to Nanotechnology – Future Technology: †¦with the use [of] nanotechnology, it could be possible to transform desktop computers into computers that are the size of a watch but with more operating capacity and they will also last longer than current computers†¦Computers with the capabilities of current workstations will be the size of a grain of sand and will be able to operate for decades with the equivalent of a single wristwatch battery. This technology advancement will make computers more abundant, cheaper to manufacture, faster, and smaller. (Nanotechnology – Future Technology, 2012) When a processors feature size is reduced, it uses less electricity and produces less heat, thereby becoming more efficient and economical to operate. Being more efficient and economical also means faster, more reliable overall performance of the computer. Conclusion Nanotechnology will provide the world with advancements in electronics along with many other fields, such as biology, chemistry and medicine. In the future, nanotechnology will play a major role in the discovery of new components, such as nano-sized microprocessors, and will enhance many other existing technologies. â€Å"Nanotechnology will be the major technology in [the]development of every machine in coming years. † (Wifinotes, n. d. ) Nanotechnology will greatly improve the functionality and performance of computers.

How to Interpret a Nursing Essay Question.

How to Interpret a Nursing Essay Question. Nursing essay questions are typically focused on key areas of clinical practice, either in relation to the needs of a client, or to an area of practice. Most nursing questions ask students how to respond to particular scenarios. As such, the student needs to identify the key words in the essay question, and ensure that their answer contains reference to the key words. Some questions require the student to use a reflective model to review their own practice, or the practice involved in a particular case. Ideally, the student should identify the model, and structure the essay around the sub-headings or concepts contained within that model. Most essay questions will also require the student to make good use of the evidence surrounding a topic or area of practice. Therefore, the student is expected to use a range of sources of primary literature to answer the question. Primary literature would include primary research articles, review articles, debate and discussion articles, and articles which provide case studies or reflections on practice. Some attempt should be made to comment on the quality of the literature relating to the topic. Evidence can include not only evidence about clinical issues, such as drugs or treatments, but also evidence surrounding key elements of nursing care, governance, nursing philosophies and models, and even nurse educatio n. To discuss an area of practice is not simply to present the evidence for and against the theories and practice points shown in the literature, it is to explore it from all angles. Nursing practice is based on concepts of health and illness, interprofessional working, medical versus social models of health and health care, governance and care planning, and management. Therefore, interpreting the question involves identifying what elements of practice are required to be examined. Usually, a nursing question asks the student to explore the concept, or treatment, its application, its implications, and, crucially, elements of the role of the nurse. Identifying these, and making recommendations for practice, drawing conclusions about practice, and recommending areas for future research, are key to answering a nursing essay question. In addition to these framework concepts, nursing essays are very much related to the concept of professionalism, and to the ethics of nursing care and practice. Professionalism is enshrined in the publications of the nurse’s governing body, which depends on which country the nurse is practising in. It is also enshrined in the ethics and philosophies of nursing. Current trends in nursing can be seen in the choices made about research methodologies, and in reactions to government documents, policies and strategies. Therefore, a good nursing essay will include reference to relevant policies and strategies, but will (usually) link these to the patient-centred models that dominate nursing care. Nursing questions must be interpreted in the light of the assessment, which is usually based on the module or unit of learning, the area of practice, such as community nursing, paediatric nursing, surgical nursing, elderly care, or the like, and usually relates to some of the concepts and ideas described above. But more than anything, interpreting the question means answering the question as set. Using a model of reflection that you have come across, such as Gibbs, Johns, Schon or Borton, reflect upon a practice experience from your last clinical placement. Provide a summary of the situation, case or critical incident, and also provide a rationale for choosing this topic as the focus of your reflection. Identify the areas of professional practice that relate to your role as a nurse, and critically evaluate your actions and those of your professional colleagues. Develop a plan to improve practice in relation to the experience and what you have learned from reflecting on it. Critical issues in nursing practice – using case studies to explore evidence-based practice. Using a case study derived from your own clinical practice experience, explore the provision of care for an adult with complex health needs. Outline your assessment of their needs, and include as an appendix a full care plan to meet their needs. Provide a rationale for your care plan, and a proposed timescale for evaluation. Evaluate the evidence base for practice in relation to the identified care needs, and in the light of this, critically analyse the care provided in relation to quality, patient-centredness and best practice. Evidence for nursing practice. Identify one aspect of nursing practice in relation to the acutely ill adult which you wish to investigate. Carry out a literature search and identify two articles of primary research which relate to this aspect of nursing practice. Carry out a full critical analysis of the quality of these articles, using a recognised framework for analysis, and in the light of research theories, identify the value of the studies for applying to your sphere of practice. Identify any problems or challenges in implementing this evidence into practice. Interprofessional working for nursing practice. Identify the healthcare/multidisciplinary team involved in the care of a patient of your choice, and indicate what the purpose of their involvement would be. Outline the professional responsibility and sphere of practice of each professional, and discuss the areas of practice where their roles (and yours) might overlap, exploring the potential consequences of this. Discuss the issues and challenges surrounding interprofessional communication and working in relation to the identified patient. Identify any strategies or guidelines which can be used to improve interprofessional communication and collaborative working, and evaluate these in relation to the patient and the healthcare context. Management in nursing the acute adult. In relation to your current placement, identify a nurse who acts in a leadership or management capacity, and outline their role and the clinical context. Analyse their role, actions and responsibilities in the light of leadership and management theories, with specific reference to accountability. Relate this analysis to the role of the nurse and the Nursing and Midwifery Council rules and codes of conduct. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of their leadership or management activities, and make recommendations for improvement.

21St Century Agriculture

Todays agricultural community is embracing many new technologies. Innovative researchers have developed new ways to increase yields ranging from the global positioning of satellites to strip till. Strip till is a process of tilling small strips of soil while leaving the strip in between each row untilled to remain rich in organic matter. The benefits of strip till versus conventional till make it a practical way of increasing farm efficiency. Strip till first began in as a way for large farms to cover more acreage more efficiently in order to save time fuel and labor. The process begins a full growing season in advance with another crop. Once this crop is harvested, the stalks and other debris are mowed to the ground leaving the ground covered in organic matter; this crop is termed the cover crop. Once all equipment preparations are made the next growing season is started. A pass is made through the field with a minimum tillage implement. This implement plows up twelve-inch wide strips and then conditions them. Then the crop is planted and herbicide is applied. Throughout the growing season the crop is sprayed using a specialized hood sprayer, which protects the crop from the herbicide, to control weeds. This is a vast difference in conventional methods, which utilizes several passes to plow and condition the soil while also using herbicides. Environmentalists would have one believe that herbicide applications are detrimental to our ecosystems. However, with proper handling, our ecosystems are better protected from hazardous runoff when strip till practices are utilized. Conventional methods spray herbicide directly onto the ground where they can be washed away by rain or irrigation. Strip till methods spray herbicides onto the organic matter left behind from the cover crop where it can be absorbed into the plant. The method of spraying directly onto the desired area is called banding. The environmental concerns make strip till a more sound way of controlling unwanted organisms. Erosion and soil compaction are other environmental concerns which strip till alleviates. Wind erosion is made less possible because the ground is left with debris and root masses which holds water and do not allow the water to wash away soil particles. Soil compaction is also less of a problem because less passes with large tractors are needed to produce a crop. The greatest benefit to the farmer is cost reduction. Less fuel and less labor being required per acre generate more profit. In an era when commodity prices are at an all time low, generating a profit is of utmost importance. Through less equipment cost and maintenance, strip till allows farmers to produce a crop with less capital investments. The popularity of strip till practices grow each year as farmers find ways of incorporating it into their specific operations needs. Conventional till has been used for many centuries but this practice only stirs up a dust in that weed seed are plowed a way into a dormant stage only to be plowed up to germinate. Utilization of new agricultural technologies, such as strip till, allows producers to go into the 21st century with tools that will enable them to provide agricultural products to sustain the world.

CVS business proposal Essay

Introduction In the United States, CVS is the largest pharmacy retail organization. This company operates over 6100 retail stores and specialty stores countrywide and has employed over 170,000 workers. There is a necessity of offering a wider range of prescription medication options and selections system-wide in a struggle for serving the consumer base of CVS Pharmacy more consistently and effectively. The purpose of this paper is to select a more realistic good or service for an existing industry. The paper will identify the market structure, along with elasticity of the product and will also include the way the pricing will relate to elasticity of the product. Furthermore, the paper will include the way the changes in the quantity supplied as a result of the pricing decisions will affect marginal cost and marginal revenue. Moreover, the paper will focus on the non-pricing strategies, and will explain the way the changes in the business operations could alter the mix of fixed and variable costs in line with the strategy. Market Structure The market structure of CVS Pharmacy is an oligopoly. It is a market structure in which a small number of organizations sell either differentiated or standardized products in which other organization’s entry is difficult. In this market structure, the control of the firm is limited over price of the product due to mutual interdependence (with the exception of when there is conspiracy surrounded by the organization) and in which there is a non-pricing rivalry (McConnell and Brue, 2004). The oligopoly turn out is the most common structure of big -business as the establishment of trust was limited in the United States. Evasion of pricing rivalry has turned out to be nearly automatic with four or five larger firms accountable for most of the output of every industry. If an organization were to drop the prices, it is expected that their competition will do the same and all will undergo a lower profit. Conversely, it is unsafe for any singular firm to increase their prices as the others will hold the prices with the intention of gaining a share of the market. â€Å"The safest strategy is to never lower prices and raise prices only when there is abundant evidence that the other firms will also raise prices. When business conditions permit, the price leader will raise their prices with the expectation that others will follow (McConnell and Brue, 2004). Price Elasticity â€Å"Price elasticity tells how much of an impact a change in price will have on the consumers’ willingness to buy that item. If the price rises, the law of demand states that the quantity demanded of that item will decrease† (Jennifer Tuck, Chron Small Business, 2013). Price elasticity of demand indicates the decrease in the quantity demanded. Elastic-demand indicates that the consumers of the goods or service are extremely sensitive to a change in prices. Generally, a product which has numerous substitutes or is not a necessity has demanded elasticity. Elastic demand indicates that the customers of the product are not extremely sensitive to price alterations. Upon analysis of elasticity of pharmaceutical products, it is certain that pharmaceutical products cannot be considered as a necessity. Medication is considered to be a basic item, essential for the prevention and treatment of ailments and disease and, consequently, they have a particular, non-substitutive tenacity and thus are not a necessity. It indicates, consequently, that they cannot be considered as elastic. (Tom Vander Beken, 2007). While it is factual for some branded goods with little rivalry, the demand for more crowded beneficial classifications where there are generic equivalents or rival satisfying substitutes can be highly elastic. It indicates that changes in price are met in relation to the quantity with larger changes demanded. For pharmaceutical makers, the primary goal is to realizing the degree of price elasticity. Pharmaceutical makers, for better understanding price elasticity, utilize a range of methods for assessing price elasticity, comprising quantitative research, qualitative research, and retrospective data analysis assessing the effects of a number of levels on prescription demand (Brent L. Rollins, Matthew Perri, 2013). Marginal Cost & Revenue A way to determine the quantity of profit maximization is to conclude where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. Rather than computing the profit for all levels of sales; total revenue and total variable costs are considered. Marginal revenues and marginal costs are considered in a similar way like marginal profit, thus defining the amount of change for all sales’ levels (Huter, 2012, p.2). Pricing & Non-Pricing Strategies CVS needs to think through numerous elements impacting its’ business. Pricing strategies, rivals and their current products, consumer demands and suppliers are examples of these elements. For pricing strategies, CVS should consider closeouts, discounts, product bundle pricing, penetration pricing, geographical pricing, and membership or trade pricing. For non-pricing strategies, options comprise: enhanced service quality, longer opening hours, advertising, and extended warranties (Kimmons, n.d.). By pricing similar products in a different way they must focus on regional demographics because geographic pricing enables the maximization of profit. For promoting unique or new products at provisional price drops, penetration pricing is the most effective. Finally, bundle pricing and closeouts can be engaged when several seasonal goods need to be sold off to avoid a loss (Kimmons, n.d.). Enhanced service quality, longer hours and advertising needs to be included in the non-pricing strategies. Advertising grabs the attention of the consumer to the brand and engages them, making them conscious of promotions and sales. Longer hours enables the organization the opportunity to service more clients—â€Å"the fisherman with the biggest net catches the most fish†. In the end, the automated verification and dispensing systems’ implementation will boost the quality of the service, particularly in the pharmacy to enable more pharmacists to be able to counsel the patient and provide better customer service. Barriers to Entry In the retail pharmacy industry, cost is the main barrier to entry. Economies of scale, as an incumbent, enable CVS to purchase larger quantities at lower rates due to a longer relationship with suppliers because they are purchasing in bulk. These advantages allow CVS to lower prices while maintaining profit. New entrants would not be capable of adequately competing with the old firms and do not enjoy these same benefits (Anonymous, 2012). Current Global Economic Conditions In the past six months, global economic conditions have developed. Policymakers of advanced economy effectively resolved two of the major short-term threats to global activities—the threat of a sharp monetary reduction in the United States and a euro area breakup. In response, according to the latest World Economic Outlook of IMF, financial markets have rallied, and financial constancy has developed. In 2013, the report predicts real global growth of Gross Domestic Product of 3.3% on a basis of yearly average, almost the similar as the 3.2% growth perceived in 2012, and the International Monetary Fund anticipates the growth to increase to 4% in 2014 (Thomas Helbling, 2013). The Pharmaceutical Industry of United States is one of the supporters of the US Economy. It has been perceived that the Pharmaceutical Industry of the United States is developing quickly and is demonstrating no indications of slowing down. The growth of the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. is also recognized as playing a very important part in the pharmaceutical industries around the world. Some experts have said that in the development of the United States’ pharmaceutical industries, media has played a key role. Experts have seen the major influence in the way the media has provoked health awareness among the people. Current Business Cycle’s Stage of the U.S. Economy Currently, the economy of the United States is in a stage of mid-cycle expansion. As indications of economic development seem to be gaining momentum, equity markets have solidly performed this year. In recent times, a boom in domestic energy and an increase in the housing market have been seen; while employment carries on to develop and grow. Early this year, the fiscal cliff’s resolution stopped a self-inflicted damage to the economy, letting development force to endure. â€Å"The index of US Leading Indicators—made up of 10 economic components that historically have had strong predictive power on GDP growth—also appears to confirm that growth remains intact.† (Matthew Rubin, 2013). However, current indications are becoming a reason for concern. The overdue impacts of payroll tax modification and monetary reduction through repossession has seemed to surprise financiers. Current Credit Market Conditions For consumers and for business loans, interest rates are lower this year compared to any other year. Credit exchange of U.S. government like discount, FFR and Prime rate are much lower. For example, there is a Prime rate of 3.25% and 10% more consumer loans are being given by the financial institutions. Still, loans for business are restricted and not given as easily as in the previous years. (â€Å"Beige book,† 2013) All these signs demonstrate that the market is starting to move and customers are beginning to buy and are content with the existing economy. CVS Pharmaceutical can invest in the market on this uptick by marketing with intention of attracting more customers. Conclusion The market structure of the CVS Pharmacy is an oligopoly. It is a market structure in which a small number of organizations sell either differentiated or standardized products in which other organization’s entry is difficult. Price elasticity of demand indicates the decrease in the quantity demanded. Elastic-demand indicates that the customers of the service or good are extremely sensitive to change in prices. CVS needs to think through numerous elements impacting its’ business so they may run smoothly. If CVS modifies the way they do business, they can impact their bottom line in many ways. In the past six months, global economic conditions have developed. Policymakers of advanced economy effectively resolved two of the major short-term threats to global activities—the threat of a sharp monetary reduction in the United States and a euro area breakup. The Pharmaceutical Industry of United States is one of the supporters of the US Economy. It has been perceived that the Pharmaceutical Industry of United States is developing speedily and is demonstrating no indications of lowering down. Currently, the economy of United States is in a stage of mid-cycle expansion. As indications of economic development seem to be gaining momentum, equity markets have solidly performed this year. References Anonymous. (2012). What Are Barriers to Entry, Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-barriers-to-entry.htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, Twelfth District–San Francisco. (2013). Beige book. Retrieved from website: http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/beigebook/beigebook201304.htm?san_francisco Brent L. Rollins, Matthew Perri, 2013 Pharmaceutical marketing, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 01-Feb-2013 Huter, S. (2012). How to Calculate the Profit-Maximizing Quantity, Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_6713701_calculate-profit_maximizing-quantity.html Kimmons, R. (n.d.). Pricing Vs. Non-pricing Strategies. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/pricing-vs-nonpricing-strategies-14166.html Matthew Rubin, 2013, Director of Investment Strategy, Strategic spotlight, an update to economic business cycle, retrieved from: http://www.btinvest.com.sg/experts-views/strategic-spotlight-an-update-on-the-global-business-cycle/ McConnell, C. R., Brue, S. L., & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin. McConnell, C. and Brue, S. (2004). Economics: principles, problems and policies, 16 ed. McGraw-Hill Companies Jennifer Tuck, Chron Small Business, 2013, Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/relationship-between-price-elasticity-total-revenue-24544.html Tom Vander Beken, The European Pharmaceutical Sector and Crime Vulnerabilities, Maklu, 01, Jan, 2007 View as multi-pages

Free Essays on Pakistan Economy

Pakistan ECONOMY Salient Features: Low-income country with promising growth but transition to middle-income nation held back by chronic problems including rapidly rising population, sizable government deficits, heavy dependence on foreign aid, large military expenditures, and recurrent governmental instability. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): In FY 1993, equivalent of US$50.8 billion, or about US$408 per capita; GDP growth rate averaged 5.3 percent a year between 1950 and 1993. Agriculture: Declined over the past four decades from 53 percent of GDP in 1950 to 25 percent of GDP in FY 1993, but still employs about 48 percent of labor force. Notable for having world's largest continuous irrigation canal system. Industry: Leading growth component of economy, industry (including mining, manufacturing, and utilities) accounted for about 21.7 percent of GDP in FY 1993, up from 8 percent in FY 1950, and employed 13 percent of labor force. Services: Services, including construction, trade, transportation and communications, and other services, accounted for 53.3 percent of GDP in FY 1993 and employed 39 percent of labor force. About 7 percent of civilian work force employed in construction, 13 percent in trade, 5 percent in transportation, and 14 percent in other services. Energy: Firewood, bagasse, and dung major energy sources. Small crude oil production; over 90 percent of petroleum requirements imported. Natural gas, oil, and hydroelectric power major domestic commercial energy sources. Substantial deposits of poor-quality coal. Energy supplies constrain industrialization in mid-1990s. Foreign Trade: United States and Japan largest trading partners. In FY 1993 United States accounted for 13.7 percent of Pakistan's exports and 11.2 percent of its imports. Japan accounted for 6.6 percent of exports and 14.2 percent of imports. Germany, Britain, and Saudi Arabia important trading partners. Hong Kong important export market. China si... Free Essays on Pakistan Economy Free Essays on Pakistan Economy Pakistan ECONOMY Salient Features: Low-income country with promising growth but transition to middle-income nation held back by chronic problems including rapidly rising population, sizable government deficits, heavy dependence on foreign aid, large military expenditures, and recurrent governmental instability. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): In FY 1993, equivalent of US$50.8 billion, or about US$408 per capita; GDP growth rate averaged 5.3 percent a year between 1950 and 1993. Agriculture: Declined over the past four decades from 53 percent of GDP in 1950 to 25 percent of GDP in FY 1993, but still employs about 48 percent of labor force. Notable for having world's largest continuous irrigation canal system. Industry: Leading growth component of economy, industry (including mining, manufacturing, and utilities) accounted for about 21.7 percent of GDP in FY 1993, up from 8 percent in FY 1950, and employed 13 percent of labor force. Services: Services, including construction, trade, transportation and communications, and other services, accounted for 53.3 percent of GDP in FY 1993 and employed 39 percent of labor force. About 7 percent of civilian work force employed in construction, 13 percent in trade, 5 percent in transportation, and 14 percent in other services. Energy: Firewood, bagasse, and dung major energy sources. Small crude oil production; over 90 percent of petroleum requirements imported. Natural gas, oil, and hydroelectric power major domestic commercial energy sources. Substantial deposits of poor-quality coal. Energy supplies constrain industrialization in mid-1990s. Foreign Trade: United States and Japan largest trading partners. In FY 1993 United States accounted for 13.7 percent of Pakistan's exports and 11.2 percent of its imports. Japan accounted for 6.6 percent of exports and 14.2 percent of imports. Germany, Britain, and Saudi Arabia important trading partners. Hong Kong important export market. China si...

Plagiarism Definition and Effects

Plagiarism Definition and Effects One definition of plagiarism as offered by one web article quotes â€Å"plagiarize means to steal and pass off either ideas or words of another as one’s own. It is the use of another’s production without crediting the source and the committing of literal theft.† (What Is Plagiarism?).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plagiarism Definition and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many individuals view the topic of plagiarism as basic ‘copying and pasting’, which masks the reality of such a serious and prosecutable offense. Considering the nature of how such an act is committed, it has common occurrences; a vast amount being in schools, the music industry and even the workplace. There has been a rapid increase in the amount of plagiarism cases reported in schools recently, which is believed to have doubled compared to two years ago. The issue of cheating has caused a majority of sch ools to start utilizing plagiarism-detection software to catch up with students. (Williams). Despite having such software, some very tech savvy students still manage to evade detection. The occurrence of plagiarism in schools has significant effects on Education which may include; loss of a degree or job and poor critical thinking skills. Once plagiarized work is passed on as original, the student stands a great chance to lose their degrees and in addition to that, they develop a poor ability to engage in critical thinking which is important in being an individual. (Hall) Plagiarism in the workplace or professional plagiarism is common mainly in industries like marketing or any other that involves drawing, writing, taking pictures or just creative thinking. An example of such an incident took place at the Researcher’s place of work. The Researcher once explained a method of solution to her boss; her boss then relayed the information to her immediate superior and took credit f or it. In other words, this incident adequately defines the topic of plagiarism. Plagiarism in Music probably has the second highest number of occurrences behind Education. There have been numerous reports of celeb singers who have been accused of and prosecuted for plagiarism in their music. Lady Gaga who is a very popular pop singer was recently accused for plagiarism in her new hit single ‘Judas’ by singer/songwriter Rebecca Francesscatti. Francesscatti claims Gaga copied portions from her music and is now seeking recognition for her creation and an undisclosed amount in damages. (Lund) Whether intentional or unintentional, ‘Plagiarism’ is a prosecutable crime which occurs often in varying environments. As the saying goes â€Å"prevention is better than cure†, it is better to try and prevent committing such an act than to deal with the consequences. There are a number of measures one may take to prevent plagiarism.Advertising Looking for e ssay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For individuals particularly involved in education, it is imperative that you know how to paraphrase, quote and cite sources properly. Once you know how to do that, you have significantly lowered your chances of such occurrences. In addition to that, there is a vast amount of software that helps you to correctly cite your sources and check for plagiarism. Furthermore, the Researcher believes that once an individual understands the concept of plagiarism and how unethical it is, they will try harder to produce an original paper. Hall, Shane. â€Å"Effects of Plagiarism on Education† ehow.com. n.d. Web. Lund, Anthony. â€Å"Lady Gaga Faces Judas Plagiarism Claims†. Musicrooms. 2011. Web. What Is Plagiarism? Plagiarism.org. n.d. Web. Williams, Rachel. â€Å"Internet Plagiarism Rising in Schools†. guardian.co.uk. 2010. Web.

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to Essay

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to support the trends - Essay Example rding to MacIver and Page a family is â€Å"a definite and long term group defined by sexual relationships that reproduce and bring up children†¦ formed by the living together of man, woman and their children.† (Dubey p. 123) So the structure of the nuclear family consisted of the husband wife and children. In other words family structure was based on 1)The relationship between husband and wife. 2) The procreation of children 3)Common residence. But if we examine the reality of today’s growing rates of divorce, single parent families as well as the trend towards gay or ‘same sex marriages’ then we can conclude that there is an increased trend towards blended families, binuclear families and single parent families. This has led the Sociologists William J. Goode to state that the institution of the family as we know it is vanishing altogether; while others state that the term nuclear family is inadequate in explaining the different contemporary household arrangements. Hence the new term ‘postmodern family’ is used to refer to the different forms of family structure including couples minus children as well as single-parent families and blended families. This diversity could be due to the following prevailing trends: Trend 1: There is a growing tendency amongst couples to live together rather than get married. The majorities of such couples have sexual relationships but do not choose to have offspring due to work and other pressures. Trend 2: There is a trend to divorce. This has resulted in children being granted living custody with either their father or mother. As a result the child moves between the homes of the two separated parents so the third element of a families structure, based on residence has also changed. Ogburn and Nimkoff’s give a more modern definition of a family by seeing the family â€Å"†¦as an association formed by the sex relations of husband and wife, with or without children.† Trend 3: There is a growing

Fragmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fragmentation - Essay Example Additionally, the Packets those are bigger than the permissible Maximum Transmission Unit or simply MTU have to be segregated into numerous lesser packets, or fragments, to facilitate them to move all through the network. If a packet that is pertaining to to be transmitted (for instance: over an Ethernet connection) is larger than that, the router that is pertaining to to transmit the packet over that transmission connection will fragment the network transmission packet i.e. the router will break up the packet into lesser messages (recognized as fragments) that are very small sufficient to be sent over the network transmission channel. As the fragments come to the receiver or destination (the system /user to which they are being transmitted), that computer is able to rebuild the fragments to get back the originally transmitted data or information message, supposing that none of the messages are misplaced during transmission (LearnSoftwareProcesses, 2009) (Silberschatz, Galvin, & Gagn e, 2004) and (Forouzan & Fegan, 2006). In this regard, HPING2 is a tool pertained to the network and has the capability to transmit usual TCP/IP packets as well as to show destination or receiver’s responses similar to ping program performs by means of ICMP responses. Additionally, the HPING2 manage fragmentation, random packets unit and size is capable to transmit files which have been encapsulated by supported set of rules known as protocols. In addition, through HPING2 we are capable to carry out as a minimum the subsequent major jobs in a network fragmentation or transmission: (HPING, 2010) HPING2 works with an IP header bit known as don’t fragment bit. Typically when a gateway sends a packet ahead from a network to some other by means of an MTU size that is lesser than the network transmission packet size, the packet becomes fragmented or broken into smaller pieces (known as the fragments). In its place if the Dont fragment bit is put in the IP header, the gateway will