The Shakespeare Authorship Conspiracy Essay Example for Free

The Shakespeare Authorship Conspiracy EssayWilliam Shakespeare was one of the most popular playwrights in history. With 38 plays, 154 sonnets and many other poems, Shakespeares work has been performed around the origination more often than any other playwright. One gentleman, Hank Whittemore, created a blog that is strictly related to the notion that William Shakespeare was a pen-name of Edward De Vere who was the Earl of Oxford from 1550 to 1604. To many, this is an outlandish claim and is considered a conclave theory. His monthly blog continues to be filled with a narrow history lesson lined with an unpopular opinion. Interesting But Not CreditableWhittemore states, Its authentic that for twenty-three years Ive been studying the life of Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford (1550-1604) as the author of the Shakespeare works, but I never considered myself a conspiracy nut in any way. First of all I notice that its an opinion apparently held by a lot of otherwise rational, fair i ndividuals. Hey, you dont think Shakespeare wrote Shakespeare? You must be one of those conspiracy minded whackos Ive seen this opinion expressed so often in so many books and blogs and its been repeated so often that it must be true, right? No, I speak here for myself. (H. Whittemore, 2012)His blog is very extensive going back to November of 2008 and he appears to have followers according to the comments left at the bottom of the blogs. Analyzing the validity of the data used by Whittmore, it appears that he is very knowledgeable and could be considered an able on the history of this time period. As much content as Whittmore blogs on his site, it still appears one-dimensional and has a fake feel to it. His credibility comes into headspring because he doesnt even place a biography on his site. There is no mention of what he does for a living or where he studied. For all we know, it is fiction.Endorsed By the Prince of WalesAnother website that has large amounts of contributors and many opinions on the subject of Shakespeares authorship validity, is www.60-minutes.bloggingshakespeare.com. This site has amazing amount of information from many worthy sources including MacDonald Jackson, Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Auckland and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand and Martin Wiggins, who is a Senior Lecturer and Fellow at The Shakespeare get at the University of Birmingham.There are 60 contributors on this site and is promoted by The Prince of Wales who is President of The Royal Shakespeare Company. A.J. Leon, a senior digital advisor to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, states, What I cannot understand is the way people who say he didnt write the work have to ignore all the evidence that shows he did. We are not talking about a belief that can be interpreted differently depending on our point of view. The evidence for William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon is not circumstantial. It is factual and multi-faceted (Leon, 2012). ConclusionOn October of 2011 a new movie has been released called, Anonymous, a film based on the theory that it was in fact Edward De Vere, Earl of Oxford, who penned Shakespeares plays. As much as Mr. Whittemore blogs about a Shakespeare conspiracy, this film must be considered a fiction. On his site, his logical fallacy is that he states many facts about the time period and the relationship among Edward De Vere and Queen Elizabeth I, but he never backs up his opinions with evidence. Although very informative from a historical point of view, Whittemores lack of resources and an overabundance of opinion hurt his reliability and credibility.

Spectrophotometer Essay Example for Free

Spectrophotometer EssaySpectrophotometry in chemistry is a quantitative metre of the reflection or transmission of material properties as a function of wavelength. It is more specialized than the stipulation electromagnetic spectrum analysis which is general in that spectrophotometry deals with near-ultraviolet, plain erupt, and near-infrared, but doesnt cover the techniques of time-resolved spectroscopic . Spectrophotometer is used in Spectrophotometry. A spectrophotometer is a photometer that measures the intensity as a function of the wavelength of the light source. primal features of spectrophotometers are linear range of absorption or reflectance measurement spectral and bandwidth. A spectrophotometer is used commonly for the transmittance measurement or final results reflectance, swarthy solids or transparent, such as gases, or polished glass. However they kindle be designed to measure the diffusivity of any of the listed light ranges that which cover around 200n m 2500nm utilise different calibrations and controls. Calibrations are needed on the machine, within these ranges of light, using standards which vary in type depending on the wavelength of the photometric termination.An example for spectrophotometry experiment is used is the determination of the solution equilibrium constant. A specific chemical reaction in a solution may occur in a reverse and away direction where products break down into reactants and reactants form products. At some point, this chemical reaction will reach a point of balance called an equilibrium point. In order to determine the respective concentrations of products and reactants at this point, the light transmittance of the solution can be tested using spectrophotometry.The amount of light that passes through the solution the concentration of certain chemicals is indicative that do not allow light to pass through. The use of spectrophotometers spans various scientific fields, such as materials science, phys ics, biochemistry, molecular biological science , and chemistry. They are widely used in many industries including semiconductors, laser and optical manufacturing, printing and forensic examination, and as well in laboratories for the chemical substances study. Ultimately, a spectrophotometer is equal to(p) to determine, depending on the control or calibration, what substances are present in a target and exactly how much through calculations of observed wavelengths.IR Spectroscopy infrared light spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly base on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The infrared portion of th e electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum.The higher-energy near-IR, approximately 140004000 cm1 (0.82.5 m wavelength) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000400 cm1 (2.525 m) may be used to study the wakeless vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure. The far-infrared, approximately 40010 cm1 (251000 m), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The names and classifications of these sub regions are conventions, and are only loosely based on the relative molecular or electromagnetic properties.Types There are twain basic types of infrared spectrometers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are single-beam instruments that use an interferometer to spread a sample with infrared light and measure the intensity of the infrared light not absorbed by the s ample. The application of a Fourier transform converts the resulting time domain digital signal into a frequency domain digital signal. distributive infrared spectrometers use visible lasers, a grating, and charged coupled devices (CCDs) to collect data. The laser acts as a light source and irradiates the sample. Most of the radiation scatters elastically at the same energy as the incoming laser radiation. A small amount, approximately one photon in a million (0.00001%), scatters from the sample at a wavelength shifted slightly from the original wavelength. Techniques* Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy FTIR redirects here. FTIR may also refer to frustrated total internal reflection. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique which is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission, photoconductivity or Raman scattering of a solid, liquid or gas. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects spectral data in a wide spectral range. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time. FTIR has made dispersive infrared spectrometers all but obsolete (except sometimes in the near infrared), opening up new applications of infrared spectroscopy. The term Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy originates from the fact that a Fourier transform (a mathematical process) is required to convert the raw data into the actual spectrum. * Near IR spectroscopyNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 800 nm to 2500 nm). representative applications include pharmaceutical, medical diagnostics (including blood sugar and throb oximetry), food and agrochemical quality control, and combustion research, as well as research in functional neuroimaging, sports medicine science, elite sports training, ergonomics, rehabilitation, neonatal research, brain computer inter face, urology (bladder contraction) and neurology (neurovascular coupling). TheoryNear-infraredspectroscopy is based on molecular overtone and combination vibrations. Such transitions are forbidden by the selection rules of quantum mechanics. As a result, the grinder absorptivity in the near IR region is typically quite small. One advantage is that NIR can typically penetrate much farther into a sample than mid infrared radiation. Near-infrared spectroscopy is, therefore, not a particularly sensitive technique, but it can be rattling useful in probing bulk material with little or no sample preparation.The molecular overtone and combination bands seen in the near IR are typically very broad, leading to complex spectra it can be difficult to assign specific features to specific chemical components. Multivariate (multiple variables) calibration techniques (e.g., principal components analysis, partial least squares, or artificial neural networks) are often employed to extract the de sired chemical discipline. Careful development of a set of calibration samples and application of variable calibration techniques is essential for near-infrared analytical methods. ApplicationsThe primary application of NIRS to the human body uses the fact that the transmission and absorption of NIR light in human body tissues contains information about hemoglobin concentration changes. When a specific area of the brain is activated, the localized blood volume in that area changes quickly. Optical imaging can measure the location and activity of specific regions of the brain by continuously monitoring blood hemoglobin levels through the determination of optical absorption coefficients. Typical applications of NIR spectroscopy include the analysis of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, combustion products and a major branch of astronomical spectroscopy.

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land Pollution

Air Pollution, Water Pollution And Land PollutionPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION, the most commonly used word in our everyday life relating to the destruction of the natural personal line of credit we breathe, the water we drink and the res publica we live on. No doubt the world is rapidly developing in every ara possible which makes our lives much easier to live but on the other hand forgetting that we ourselves be destroying the natural resources. Many environmental researches have turn out that it is because of the rapid growth in technology and other areas of growth that leads to a massive increase the growth of pollution. The unexpected pollution caused is mainly due to the homophile activities such as globalization, industrialization, and expanding increase in technology. This change is experienced not in a short term but in a grand run, when it windyly started affecting people.Pollution can be formally defined as the undesirable and unintended contamination of the environment by h uman activities such as manufacturing, tempestuous disposal, burning fossil fuels etc. The effect of pollution can be experienced in different ship canal. The most common ways of pollution areAir pollutionWater pollutionLand pollution.AIR POLLUTIONThis tern is not something new, it has been existing since he time of industrial rotation where in big chimneys are pull downed out in the conduct which releases harmful gases into the atmosphere. This phenomenon has been increasing since then as the industries have been developing simultaneously. Today, air pollutants have shown a great effect on plantations, health and life, decreasing the enjoyment of living, rising medical costs, causes global warming and in any case causes the destruction of the ozone layer.One of the major causes of air pollution is the release of carbon di oxide into the atmosphere. This happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide is another main air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burning of due south containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is very harmful for the humans on high concentration and sulfur in the atmosphere is the main cause of acid rains. Chlorofluorocarbons also contribute to air pollution by reducing the ozone layer in the stratosphere. CFCs are produced by the burning of plastic foam items, leaking refrigerator equipment and spray cans. irrigate POLLUTIONContamination of available natural water by industrial wastes and other waste products can be defined as water pollution. Factors create water pollution can be categorized into two different groups Point sources and Non- point sources.Point sources are easy to identify and control. Some point sources of water pollution include waste products from factories, waste from sewage, waste from power plants , waste from underground coal mines and waste from oil wells. They are called point sources because these are the direct sources of water pollution and be reduced and monitored.Non- point sources are ambiguously defined and are much harder to control. The term non -point source encompasses a macroscopical range of sources like when rain and snow moves through the ground and picks up major pollutants and mover towards a major body of water, the runoff of fertilizers from farms animals and crop lands, air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth, and storm water drained from streets parking lots and lawns.LAND POLLUTIONThe contamination of and with different kinds of wastes is called land pollution. The major causes of land pollution are construction, domestic waste , industrial waste and agriculture.The rising construction of building takes away the trees that takes away the homes of the animals living there. As there are more and more people inhabiting on our planet, the demand for food increases and the forests are cut down to make farm lands. In addition, Herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers and animal spread are washed into the soil and pollute it. Tons of domestic waste is dumped everyday from homes offices etc. They can be recycled or burnt in incinerators. thither are still more waste machinery products such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be recycled. Plastic factories, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposals, and large animal farms, all lead to land pollution.WAYS TO STOP POLLUTIONWe can help to reduce global air pollution and temper change by few waysDriving a car that gets at least 35 mpg, walking, biking, and using public transportation, using CFL bulbs over candent bulbs, buying only energy efficient appliances, recycling newspaper, aluminum, and others, planting trees, avoid purchasing products that contains CFCs, supporting much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletion and slow global warming.

Effects of Federal Funding to States

Effects of Federal Funding to offersFederal Funding to the States and Local Governments Effect on the unite StatesTaylor, Public FinanceAbstractWhen look intoing I focussed mainly on the different ways topic funding affected the governing body as a whole. I looked at how it affected governments on the national, deposit, and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic levels. Then I established my research question is federal funding good for the United States? While researching this I found out there ar two main sides to federal funding, the advocates and the critics, and that each has its own valid points and reasons for deeming or not supporting this idea. I found the current national debt, some(prenominal) act grimaces involving the US government infringing upon the rights of its citizens, and the four different types of grants the federal government uses in its giving of m acey and resources. Based upon the information I gathered conducting my research it is clear that federal funding from the national government to the states and topical anaesthetic governments can be detrimental to the health of this country.Keywords federal funds, grants, national debtFederal Funding to State and Local GovernmentsFederal Funding in the USA new trend has been developing in the modern government recently. Federal funding to state programs and governments has been steadily increasing over the past years. According to Elmendorf (2013) health grants to the states and local governments have increased from around 50 billion dollars in 1980 to about ccc billion dollars in the year 2010. This occurrence is becoming more than and more everyday as state governments seek more and more federal m matchlessy. These emancipate recourses come in four different forms categorical grants, block grants, formula grants, project grants according to Ferguson (2013). Categorical grants are grants that only allow funding to be used for specific, narrowly defined purposes. Block grants allo w much more freedom in assigning the funds and are widely sought after. pract frosting grants are allocated based upon a fixate of pre-existing criteria and of tenner serve a select group of people. Project grants fund specific projects or the pitch shot of specific services. These four types of grants make up the majority of federal funding. These grants may provide essential funding for state and local governments, but they come with legion(predicate) critics who question the repercussions of national government funding and the states reliance on these funds.In Support of more Federal FundingIn times of crisis, a common theme comes to light autocratic rule. For instance, in ancient times, whenever the city of Rome was threatened or being besieged, their Senate would elect one person to rule to a higher place them and lead citys government and defenses. They did this because although the people would lose their voice in the government, the benefits outweighed these side effect s. When one person is in charge, orders are interruptn and distinct upon much more chop-chop than when given by a group of people. The same sentiment goes hand in hand with a mesomorphic national Government. One powerful governing body can control and be more efficient than fifty different independent state governing bodies with one slightly larger national government. It is simple mathematics. If I tell someone to go get me vanilla ice cream it takes all of ten seconds for me to commence this order and for them to get in their car. However, if I am in a room filled with ten people we thus have to discuss and contend over several different issues before we can ever decide on one specific path. We have to figure out what type of ice cream we want, who is driving, and where we should get the ice cream and these are just a few of the legion(predicate) choices we must make. This could take ten minutes opposed to the ten seconds. The difference in time could prove costly to a p resident when he must make a quick and decisive decision.Grants and loans are resembling in the aspect that they both receive money from outside sources to increase funding for a project or issue. However, the similarities stop there and the main standoff to grants arise. One who receives a grant does not normally have to be repay the money received (Repay a Grant Overpayment, 2014). This allows state and local governments to not only receive free resources from the federal government, but to also redistribute the resources that were just saved to new(prenominal) issues. This greatly helps the state or local government because now two different issues or organizations are funded opposed to just one.In Favor of Less Government FundingWhen this country was founded our forefathers feared loose government. Big government is the idea of the federal government being too powerful and, imputable to this, unfairly ruling and controlling its people. To ensure this didnt run into our Foun ding Fathers took great lengths to limit the power of the national government. They created state and local governments, and also granted them powers that the national government is un satisfactory to infringe upon. They even set specific limitations to the power of the federal government in the 10th Amendment of the Bill of Rights which states The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people (Tenth Amendment, 2014). This means that any powers not specifically given to the federal governments are automatically reserved for the states or to the people. All of this was done to ensure that the national government cannot begin too powerful and override or control the states. However, as state and local governments receive increasing amounts of federal funding they aim to rely on the federal government more and more. As their reliance upon federal money increases so too does their dependence on the federal government. This unknowingly gives the national government more and more power while taking away the states power. As the national government gains influence the states slowly lose the great power to prevail an eye on the national government and perform their function as a watchdog.There are several instances in United States recital when the federal government tried to overstep its bounds and invade state or personal rights. One such instance is represented in the appeal case Windsor v. United States. In this court case the United States Government infringed upon our personal rights and tried to discriminate against married lesbian and gay couples for the purposes of determining federal benefits and protections. Thankfully the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the federal government and decided that section threesome of the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional (Windsor v. United States, 2012). This court case is one of many where the gove rnment had to be reined in after infringing upon our constitutional rights. Unfortunately, not all instances of encroachment by the federal government was righted by the Supreme Court. One such instance is the court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Due to the actions and decisions of the United States Government the doors of U.S. citizenship would close to all Asian immigrants for the next 23 years after it was decided that South Asians would not be able to be considered citizens from 1923 to 1946 (United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 2013)A major concern for the United States economy is our growing national debt. As the years progress the U.S. owes other countries more and more money as we are forced to borrow money from them to keep from slighting on our payments and keep our country running. The U.S. debt is currently around 18 trillion and is expected to be around 18.7 trillion by the end of the fiscal year of 2015. This is roughly three times higher than the national debt in the year 2000 (Total US Government Debt in 2015, 2014). At this rate our country will be in so much debt in the near future that the damage will be irreparable. Also, all it would take to send the government spiraling down would be one these inappropriate countries to call in on our debt. The government currently does not have the money to repay these debts, therefore America would be forced to default on these payments. To help prevent this from happening a state government could simply refuse to accept as much money from the national government. This would give the Federal Government more resources to pay its debt and take care of its own spending issues.Assessment of the ArgumentsFederal funding is a major aspect of our government. It helps support many different programs and projects in our state and local governments. In recent years this funding has steadily increased as state and local governments take away more and more resources to run and operate. This increase i n funding has its fair share of advocates and critics, however. The advocates point out that as the federal government provides more and more money to the states that the power of the national government increases. As the power of the national government increases the more effective the governing ability of the national government becomes. This concept can be explained using a concept called martial law. According to (Martial Law, 2014) martial law is when a military takes over a town or city due to the lack of ability of the residing government to perform its job. A common reason this is enacted is anarchy or revolts in the town. A to military is able to succeed when a government could not because a military can work and execute its actions much more efficiently than a government can. This is due to how the presiding officer can issue and execute an order as soon as they think of it instead of having to discuss and negotiate the issue with several other groups like a government wou ld. Another valid belief of the advocates is the fact that when a state or local government receives grants from the national government then their resources have significantly increased. Now the local or state government has the funds it needs for one project in addition to the funds it has in the first place. Now two projects have been funded. Simply put, more federal funding means a more powerful and efficient government as well as more money for the state and local governments.Wherever, you find advocates of something you are sure to find critics as well. It is no different in the case of federal funding. While the supporters speak of a powerful government and more money for local and state governments, the critics make very different but as valid points. They point out that our founding fathers feared big government and took many steps to ensure that the national government could not become too powerful for its citizens and infringe upon their rights. This is a strong possibil ity as the government becomes more powerful and is evident in several different court cases like Windsor v. United States and Bhagat Singh Thind v. United State. Another valid reason critics dislike federal funding is how the more money the national government gives to the states the less money it has for itself. With a quickly growing national debt the main concern of the government should be paying off what it owes, not giving money that it doesnt have to other organizations. stopping point and Personal BeliefAs I have said earlier, there are many people who believe federal funding should increase and many people who say it should not. They both bring up very strong points as well. However, no matter how efficient and well-run the federal government might become as they gain more and more power, it does not offset the possibility of the average citizen being overlooked or ruled unfairly. This was the biggest fear our founding fathers approach and they went to great lengths to ens ure that our government does not become omnipotent. So why should we go against everything they stood for? Each citizen is supposed to have a say in their government and the running of it. This is the entire idea of a democracy. Once people start losing this power or this power begins to be overlooked, then we will no hourlong have a democracy. In addition to this issue, we have a looming national debt that is quickly growing each year. Yes, it is nice for our state and local governments to have a little bit more money to spend on its residents, but should not we be more concerned with keeping our government from having to owe trillions of dollars to foreign governments like China? I personally would much rather go without the new state park than constantly worry about the day that a foreign country demands we pay them back all we owe plus interest. Federal funds may have their pluses and attractions, but they are not value risking our rights as civilians and the economy of our co untry for them.ReferencesChantrill, C. (2014, July 1). Debt Clock. Retrieved November 16, 2014, fromhttp//www.usgovernmentdebt.us/DeHaven, T. (2013, June 25). How Much Does Your State Government Depend on Federal Funds. Retrieved November 1, 2014, fromhttp//townhall.com/columnists/taddehaven/2013/06/25/how-much-does-your-state-government-depend-on-federal-funds-n1626882Edwards, C. (2013, June 7). Fiscal Federalism. Retrieved October 15, 2014, fromhttp//www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalismElmendorf, D. (2013). Federal Grants to Local and State Governments. copulation of the United States, Congressional Budget Office,1-28. Retrieved November 1, 2014, fromhttp//www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/43967_FederalGrants.pdfFour Main Types of Grant Funding. (2013, April 14). Retrieved November 15, 2014, fromhttp//www.federalfunding.net/grants_types.htmMartial Law. (2014, February 6). Retrieved November 1, 2014, fromhttp//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/martiallawMulhausen, D., Tyrell, P. (2013, September 11). Retrieved October 15, 2014, fromhttp//www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/11/the-2013-index-of-dependence-on-governmentRepay a Grant Overpayment. (2012, May 27). Retrieved November 15, 2014, fromhttps//www.myeddebt.com/borrower/myoptions_repayGrants.actionTenth Amendment. (2014, January 9). Retrieved November 14, 2014, fromhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendmentU.S. v Bhagat Signh Thind. (2008, November 2). Retrieved November 15, 2014, fromhttp//www.bhagatsinghthind.com/court.phpWindsor v. United States Edie Windsor Challenges DOMA Decided. (2009, April 18). Retrieved November 14, 2014, fromhttps//www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights/windsor-v-united-states-thea-edie-doma

Analysis of Pilotage and Pilots Limitation of Liability

outline of sailing and Pilots Limitation of LiabilityProvisional cognomen of the thesisA comparative analysis of navigation and pilot films limitation of liability in Australia.argona of investigation and/or the questions to be investigatedConsider the following scenario. A vas under the control of a compulsory pilot is maneuvering within a port limit. Master of the vas follows the on-shore directions by the pilot and due to disrespect of the pilot the vessel crashes into a loading dock. Some basic questions that could arise from the above scenario are Who is accountable for any vilifys? If the master, following an on-shore direction, enters a compulsory sailing scene of beion without a pilot on board, is he guilty of an offence for proceeding without a pilot? Is the pilot conjectural for acting outside of sailing? When does navigation actually commence? Should the statutory rules regarding limitation of liability for pilots be changed to hold negligent compulsory pil ots individually responsible for actions outside of navigation? If a master follows a radioed direction provided by an on-shore pilot, should he be liable for proceeding without a pilot in a compulsory pilotage area?What is the liability for failure of compulsory unlicensed pilots?1 Finally, what is the appropriate description of a master-pilot relationship? This research will investigate these questions.Theoretical significance of the projectA pilot is someone who is very familiar with the port endowed with a requisite professionalism and necessary local knowledge to maneuver a vessel in a port safely.2 In addition, he is responsible for the protection of the environment and the promotion of the efficiency in the hold back.3 In Australia, under section 6 of the water travel Act 1912, pilot means a person who does not belong to, but has the exact of, a ship. In terms of limitation of liability, section 410B(1) of the sailing Act stipulates that a pilot who has the conduct of a ship is subject to the authority of the master of the ship and the master is not relieved from responsibility for the conduct and navigation of the ship by reason only of the ship being under pilotage. Although there are consistencies in the meaning of pilotage among jurisdictions in Australia, the pilotage legislations are slightly different in some states. For example, spell the New South Wales leatherneck Safety Act 19984 considers the pilotage as conduct of a vessel, the Port Authorities Act 1999 (WA)5 describes pilotage as being in command of a vessel.The first tell apart is the definition of conduct of a ship. In Braverus ocean Inc v Port Kembla Coal Terminal Ltd6the Federal Court of Australia concluded that the statute considered the pilot as the servant of a ship owner and simply listed the definition of pilot as it stands in the piloting Act. In Fowles v easterly Australian Steamship Co7 Chief Justice Barton ,with reference to the Queensland sailing Act (1876), ex plained thatthe master shall deliver and give in charge the vessel to the duly qualified pilot who shall first board or go on base of such vessel in order to conduct the same into port, and such pilot shall if required by such master produce his authority to act as such pilot, and no master of any such vessel shall proceed to sea from any of the said ports or quit his station or anchorage in any port, without receiving on board the harbor master or some pilot appointed as aforesaid to move or conduct the said vessel to sea. Further, the comment of Christopher Hill stating what a pilot is not, purely and simply, is an adviser8 is inconsistent with the practical concept9 and the statutory definition of a pilot.The second issue is pilots limitation of liability. Under Navigation Act 1912 (Cth) section 410B (2) the exclusion of pilot from liability is absolute. Porter LJ in Tower compass v Workington Harbour and docking facility room10clarified that under Section 410B of Navigation Acta ship owner who through a compulsory pilot is responsible for faulty navigation is responsible for damage to his own ship as well as for injury to the property of another. As far as the limitation of liability is concerned, the state legislations in Australia are comparatively aligned with the Navigation Act. In New South Wales, all pilots and pilotage service providers are excluded from liability for negligence.11 Though, the pilot who willfully endangers the vessel or her crew is guilty of an offence.12 In South Australia a pilot is excluded from liability for negligence.13In Victoria, under the Marine Act 1988 (Vic) a pilots liability is limited to $cc plus the amount of pilotage.14In Queensland, Pilots are excluded absolutely from liability for negligence or damage.15 Finally, in Western Australia, the pilots liability is limited to $200.16 Moreover, a pilot is excluded from liability for negligence causing damage to the vessel.17In Oceanic Crest Shipping18, where a vessel u nder the control of a negligent compulsory pilot damaged to a wharf in Western Australia, the pilot and harbor authority were completely excluded from liability for negligence.As can be seen, the traditional approach to pilotage has introduced difficulties and the concerned parties including, harbor authorities, ship owners and pilot service providers are faced difficulties to answers the questions mentioned in the section i. This research will help to solve the problems in dealing with pilotage by nidus on three main areas. First, the Australias pilotage regime should be re-assessed to provide clarified definitions. Second, the inconsistencies between the states should be eliminated through a uniform pilotage regime which is agreed by the states. Third, the pilotage regime should also determine a fair limitation of liability of pilots. Indeed, since the application of above mentioned changes will pull up stakes in changing the settlements of claims and the expenses incurred by th e relevant parties, this research will focus on how these changes would be addressed in future pilotage regime. Therefore, this research is aiming to lessen the inconsistencies either in the liability of pilots or in the limitation of liabilities in Australias pilotage regime.Proposed research methodsI would provide a theoretical understanding of the research, that the licit regulations concerning pilotage and the limitation of liability in the light of the analysis of different states legislations in Australia and various sanctioned acts in different countries. Therefore, the method which will widely be used is comparative method. The Function of pilots, their liabilities and the limitation of their liabilities will be studied and compared in the following acts, legislations and case law.AustraliaUnder Commonwealth Legislation Navigation Act 1912 (Cth).The state legislations in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia.The United Kin gdomPilotage Act 1987 (UK) and Merchant Shipping Act 1995 (UK).CanadaThe Pilotage Act, RSC 1985, c P-14.The United StatesThe national system of pilotage regulation both by the states and by the federal government.The reason these countries were selected is because their legal systems are mainly base on English common law. The analytical method will be implored to analyze legal concepts and rules concerning pilotage and limitation of liability in different legal systems. This is important because through this method, appropriate conclusions would be drawn, and possible suggestions would be proposed in the bid to improving Australian Legislation of Limitation Liability of Pilots and Pilotage.Proposed thesis social organisation including where possible, provisional chapter sketchesPreliminary table of contentsIntroductionFundamental concepts of pilotage and pilots limitation of liability.National approaches to the pilotage and limitation of liability.1. Australia2. The United Kingdom 3. Canada4. USA.Analysis of findings focusing on pilotage and limitation of liability in Australia.Conclusion including suggestions and mechanisms of addressing problematic issues.Timescale for the researchYearResearch activities1To draft a research plan. snack of data, read of relevant materials and writing of the Introductory chapter.2Reading and evaluation of limitation of liability legislations in the United Kingdom and Australia.3A reading and evaluation of the limitation of liability legislations in Canada and USA. Publication of the main some aspects of the dissertation in the books, monography (this may not be necessary for now).4Analysis of findings, arrangement of thesis and final submission.BibliographyTable of CasesBraverus Maritime Inc v Port Kembla Coal Terminal Ltd 2005 FCAFC 256 Federal Court of Australia, 12 celestial latitude 2005.Fowles v easterly Australian Steamship Company Limited 1913 17 CLR 149.Oceanic Crest Shipping Company v Pilbara Harbour Services Pty Ltd 1986 one hundred sixty CLR 626.Tower Field (Owners) v Workington Harbour and Dock Board 1950 84 Ll. L. Rep. 233, 255.TextbooksChristopher Hill, Maritime Law (Lloyds of London, 3rd ed, 1989) 376.Table of LegislationHarbors and Navigation Act 1993 (SA).Marine Act 1988 (Vic).Marine Safety Act 1998 (NSW).Pilots Limitation of Liability Act 1962 (WA).Port Authorities Act 1999 (WA).Port Authorities Act 1999 (WA).Transport Operations (Marine Safety) Act 1994 (Qld).Online SourcesShilavadra Bhattacharjee, What Are The Duties Of Officer On Watch When Pilot Is On Board Ship? (Marine Insight, 2016) accessed 6 December 2016.Henrik Nicander and Isak Isak, What Skills Do Port Pilots Need? (2014) accessed 6 December 2016.1 Braverus Maritime Inc v Port Kembla Coal Terminal Ltd 2005 FCAFC 256 (12 December 2005)2 Shilavadra Bhattacharjee, What Are The Duties Of Officer On Watch When Pilot Is On Board Ship? (Marine Insight, 2016) accessed 6 December 2016.3 Henrik Nicander and Isak Isak, What Ski lls Do Port Pilots Need? (2014) accessed 6 December 2016.4 Marine Safety Act 1998 (NSW) s 71(1).5 Port Authorities Act 1999 (WA) s 3(1).6 Opt.cit.n.1.7 Fowles v Eastern Australian Steamship Company Limited 1913 17 CLR 149.8 Christopher Hill, Maritime Law (Lloyds of London, 3rd ed, 1989) 376.9 Ibid.10 Tower Field (Owners) v Workington Harbour and Dock Board 1950 84 Ll. L. Rep. 233, 255 (Porter LJ).11 Marine Safety Act 1998 (NSW) s 80(1) Neither the State, nor the Minister, nor a pilotage service provider is liable for any injustice or damage that is attributable to the negligence of any person made available as a marine pilot by the pilotage service provider while the person is acting as a marine pilot.12 Marine Safety Act 1998 (NSW) s 81 A marine pilot of a vessel who, by any wilful act or omission, endangers the vessel or its crew is guilty of an offence.13 Harbors and Navigation Act 1993 (SA) s 36(3) The liability of the owner or master of a ship for damage resulting from a fau lt in the navigation of the ship is unaffected by the fact that the vessel is under pilotage or that the pilotage is compulsory.14 Marine Act 1988 (Vic) s 104 A pilot is not liable in negligence in respect of the voyage on which the pilot is engaged for more than $200 plus the amount of pilotage in respect of voyage.15 Transport Operations (Marine Safety) Act 1994 (Qld) s 101(1) A conducting pilot is not civilly liable for damage or loss caused by an act or omission of the conducting pilot.16 Pilots Limitation of Liability Act 1962 (WA) s 3 Notwithstanding the provisions of any other Act or law, but subject to the Navigation Act 1912 of the Parliament of the Commonwealth, a pilot is not liable for neglect or want of skill in piloting a ship beyond the amount of $200 together with the amount payable to him on account of pilotage in respect of the voyage in which he was engaged when he became so liable.17 Port Authorities Act 1999 (WA) s 99 The owner or master of a vessel moving under compulsory pilotage in a port is liable for any loss or damage caused by the vessel, or by a fault in the conduct or navigation of the vessel, in the same manner as the owner or master would be liable if pilotage were not compulsory.18 Oceanic Crest Shipping Company v Pilbara Harbour Services Pty Ltd 1986 160 CLR 626.

An Insightful Analysis of A Disgraceful Affair Essays -- Short Stories

Periodically, a relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat can be a clouded perception, only due to the fact the proletariat leave behind non be given the chance to speak from their point of view. This such thing is not true when it comes to the short story, A Disgraceful Affair. The story is ground around the Russian interpretation of Marxism, generaten in the forethought to the opening paragraph, in which it speaks Our beloved motherland was experiencing a renaissance her brave sons, fired with impulses at one time touching and nave, were seeking with an uncontrollable yearning for new destinies and hopes. The thing that determines what they do is their social class and economical position, which in turn, affects what happens to them. The two men use to elaborate the idea are the bourgeoisie Mr. Ivan Ilyitch Pralinski, and proletariat Mr. Porfiry Petrov Pseldonymov.Your Excellency, Ivan Ilyitch had only been known as such for a few short weeks, but with his stat ue of mind and manner, it seemed alike(p) years. He was, in his own mind, always right and if someone did not understand what he was doing or saying, they were idiotic. And how could he fail to understand? It was more effortful not to understand than understand, is not even a statement against a drone, but rather against another even more credible bourgeoisie than himself. To his due, he is a very brilliant man, but he lacks common respect and tries to use his position in authority to gain popularity amongst the proletariat culture. Due to his economic stature, and his social class, he believed he could do anything he pleased which he showed by walking in on a fellow colleagues wedding troupe. Under no circumstance did he know or relate to Mr. Pseldonymov, but only ... ...e with humour, and with shortcomings, the idea of Marxism. Not only did he show two separate and very different views, but he also showed how the Marxist idea is too readily evident in everyday life. Ivan Ilyit ch is not a typical bourgeoisie, but none the less he is one, so he fails to comprehend the proletariats correctly. He tries, and wants to because of his idealism, but his view of the events at the wedding party are completely opposite to those of Pseldonymov. What Ilyitch thought was not at all what Pseldymov went through, because he has never experienced it. Through the authentic proletariat voice, we can shut that what happens to a bourgeoisie differs greatly in comparison to what happens to a proletariat. Even as much as one wants to understand the other, or be the other, indian lodge holds the barrier and even the smart well-hearted can not break through.

The Underground Railroad Essay -- History Historical Slavery Essays

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad was one of the more or less remarkable protests against slavery in United States history. It was a fight for personal survival, which many slaves lost in trying to attain their vindicatedom. Slaves fought for their own globe in trying to keep with the traditions of their homeland, their homes in which they were so brutally taken away from. In all of this turmoil however they managed to preserve the customs and traditions of their native land. These slaves fought for their existence and for their cultural heritage with the help of many pot and places along the path we now call the Underground Railroad.The Underground Railroad was a secret exercise that began during the 19th century, and reached its peak during the time of 1830 1865. The story of the Underground Railroad was one of individual sacrifice and great courage in the efforts of the African American people to reach freedom, with the help of many interconnected stations (In troduction to the Underground Railroad?).The number of sites connected with the Underground Railroad was immense. The Underground Railroad was any accusation slaves traveled to freedom. It was a huge scheme of paths through marshes, over mountains, along rivers, and by sea. No real trains existed on the Underground Railroad, but guides were called conductors. Runaways escaped to the newton along a series of routes that stretched through the southern Border States (History and Geography). Slaves who escaped into the western territories, Mexico and the Caribbean, then tried to bl end up in with the free African American communities, which lived in these areas (Slaverys Past).There were many conductors in many different states, all of which were important to the Underground Railroad. The most notable of these was Harriet Tubman. Harriet make nineteen trips back to Slave States to help members of her family and other slaves to escape to freedom. She was a woman who could not read or w rite, but she helped over three c slaves to their freedom. She had many encounters with slave traders and others, who tried to capture her, but she never got caught, and she never lost a single slave (Harriet Tubman).Another important figure in the Underground Railroad was Stephen Myers. Stephen Myers helped the Underground Railroad from 1830 to 1850. In this time he helped thousands o... ...ic linking the people of Africa and America. It is a story of places, North and South. It is a story of secrets involving routes and language, codes and music. In the end it is a story of jubilation and freedom, bought at a great price by individuals. Works CitedAfrican Genesis. History and Geography of the Underground Railroad. Nov. 7, 2000 Appleseed Recording. Free at Last.1998 Cairnes, John E. Slaverys Past. Lilly W. The Underground Railroad. June 16, 1999Marylands African American Heritage. Harriet Tubman. Siebert, Wilbur. The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom. New York Arno P ress and the New York measure 1968U.C. Davis Division of Education. The Freedom Sympathizers and Fighters.May 1996 U.C. Davis Division of Education. What was The Underground Railroad?. May 1996. Underground Railroad Workshop. Able Brown. 2000 Underground Railroad Workshop. Stephen Myers. 2000Underground Railroad Workshop. The share of the Quaker Community. 2000United States. National Park Service. Introduction to the Underground Railroad. United States. National Park Service & History Association. In Search of Freedom.August 1996